东行记－飞鱼

批判性思维（CT）之二

　　翻译了一点关于批判性思维的材料，因为水平有限，可能词不达意，权且当作练习英语：）　　

　　POPULAR AND PARTICULAR DEFINITIONS OF CRITICAL THINKING
　　关于批判性思维的几个流行的特别的定义
SOURCE:1. Paul, Richard. (1995). "Critical thinking in North America" in Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world, revised third edition (edited by Jane Willsen and A. J. A. Binker). 2.Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking (pp. 136-137).
来源:1. Paul, Richard. (1995).“北美的批判性思维”,节选自《批判性思维:在迅速变幻的世界中每个人耐以生存的东西》 第三修正版, (edited by Jane Willsen and A. J. A. Binker)2. Santa Rosa, CA: 批判性思维基础(pp. 136-137).
CRITICAL THINKING
1) the art of thinking about your thinking while you're thinking so as to make your thinking more clear, precise, accurate, relevant, consistent, and fair
2) the art of constructive skepticism
3) the art of identifying and removing bias, prejudice, and one-sidedness of thought
4) the art of self-directed, in-depth, rational learning
5) thinking that rationally certifies what we know and makes clear wherein we are ignorant
批判性思维
1.在思考的时候，使你的思路更清晰,更精确,更具相关性和持续性,更公正的思想艺术.
2.是建构性的怀疑论艺术
3.是鉴别和消除偏见、成见以及片面观点的艺术
4.是自我导向、深度、合理的学习的艺术
5.是一种理性地证明所知并清楚在哪些领域无知的思维

UNCRITICAL THINKING
1) thought captive of one's ego, desires, social conditioning, prejudices, or irrational impressions
2) thinking that is egocentric, careless, heedless of assumptions, relevant evidence, implications, or consistency
3) thinking that habitually ignores epistemological demands in favor of its egocentric commitments
非批判性思维
1.含有个人主观成见和愿望、受社会条件制约的、有偏见或非理性印象的思想
2.个人主观出发未经深思的、缺乏推断，没有相关论证、前后矛盾的想法
3. 习惯性忽视认识论的要求，带有利己主义的思维

SOPHISTIC CRITICAL THINKING (Richard Paul's weak sense)
1) thinking which meets epistemological demands insofar as they square with the vested interests of the thinker
2) skilled thinking that is heedless of assumptions, relevance, reasons, evidence, implications and consistency only insofar as it is in the vested interest of the thinker to do so
3) skilled thinking that is motivated by vested interest, egocentrism, or ethnocentrism rather than by truth or objective reasonability
诡辩的批判性思维(Richard Paul认识的不足)
1.只有在符合思考者的利益时才符合认识论要求的思想
2.是一种只有涉及思考者的利益的时候才考虑其设想、相关性、理由、证据、含义和连贯性的熟练的思维方式
3.根据特定的利益、个人主义和民族优越感而不是按照事实和客观道理进行思维的熟练的思维方式

FAIR-MINDED CRITICAL THINKING (Richard Paul's strong sense)
1) skilled thinking which meets epistemological demands regardless of the vested interests or ideological commitments of the thinker
2) skilled thinking characterized by empathy into diverse opposing points of view and devotion to truth as against self-interest
3) skilled thinking that is consistent in the application of intellectual standards, holding one's self to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one holds one's antagonists
4) skilled thinking that demonstrates the commitment to entertain all viewpoints sympathetically and to assess them with the same intellectual standards, without reference to one's own feelings or vested interests, or the feelings or vested interests of one's friends, community or nation
正统的批判性思维(Richard Paul的强烈观点)
1.不管思考者的特定利益和意识形态倾向，而按照认识论的要求来思考的熟练的思维方式
2.以“对各种反面观点进行移情思考，追求真理而不是个人利益”为特征的熟练的思维
3. 在“应用智能标准”和“用证物和证据等相同严格的标准来对待敌手和自己”等方面具有一致性的熟练的思维
4.包容所有的观点，并按照相同的知识标准而不涉及个人感觉或特定利益，不涉及朋友、团体或民族的特定利益对它们开展评价的熟练的思维
英文资料来源：http://www.fcs.utah.edu/faculty/herrin/deep_learning.html