黎加厚、乐锡炜
上海师范大学教育技术系、上海市闵行区教育局
jiahou@shnu.edu.cn lexiwei@mhedu.sh.cn
【摘要】 本文介绍了上海师范大学与上海市闵行区教育局合作进行中小学信息技术教育创新研究，正在进行的基于项目的学习、基于游戏的学习和基于故事的学习的课程改革试验，欢迎各地的中小学参与探索。
【关键词】 小学、信息技术教材、基于游戏的学习、基于故事的学习。
一、 信息技术教育的创新研究
信息技术教育发展到今天，世界上许多国家和地区的政府已经对学校和教师的课程教学提出了统一的要求，例如，国家颁布的课程标准、国家教育技术标准、教师资格标准等等。对信息技术教材的编写和出版而言，出版社面临的问题是如何根据国家课程标准来设计教材，达到国家的教育教学要求。
出版社编写《信息技术》教材的操作程序是：根据国家标准确立教材的预期目标；确定教师和学生实施教材后要达到结果的评价标准；研究不同年龄段学生的学习特点，分析学生现状与课程标准之间存在的差距；设计课程教材的结构主线；形成完整的教材方案。课程教材标准化的优点是对全体学生有一个统一的培养目标，在全国范围内统一高质量的教学要求，保证教材开发和教学实施过程的质量，这是适合中国国情的保障新课程改革顺利实施的课程教材制度。
近几年来，上海市闵行区教育局和上海师范大学协作在中小学进行信息技术教育的实验，尝试选择不同的方案去设计教材，运用多种方法培训教师，结合日常教学展开教研活动，取得了一定的成效。
2004年，我们根据国家新课程标准和《上海市中小学信息技术课程指导纲要》的要求，进一步开展信息技术教育创新研究，该研究的目的是，围绕国家课程标准的实施，根据国家新课程标准和《上海市中小学信息技术课程指导纲要》的要求来开发富有创新精神的教材和教学方法，培养学生的学习兴趣，有效地培养学生的信息素养，大面积提高学生的学习成绩。我们确定了从小学到初中、高中的整套教材的设计思路，并试验使用儿童喜爱的游戏和故事的方式来设计小学信息技术教材。
二.、 实验儿童喜爱的信息技术教材
小学作为信息素养形成的启蒙阶段，教材设计通过儿童喜爱的太空探秘和童话寓言故事，激发学生的想象力，着重于培养学生学习信息技术的兴趣、掌握信息技术的基本技能以及在信息化环境下的基本行为规范，与后续的初中教材衔接；初中教材通过学生感兴趣的项目活动和网络专题探究活动，着重培养在信息化环境下解决实际问题的实践能力；学生进入高中阶段后，身心发展水平已经达到了在学习信息技术时更加关注技术与社会和人生关系的阶段，更需要发展批判性的思维。高中教材的设计力求让学生成为批判性的研究者，促进学生对现实世界的批判和反思,逐步形成科学思维习惯，发展学生对技术的更深刻的理解。
小学教材用儿童的视角来设计小学生的信息技术学习方式，以科幻故事、寓言故事等游戏化情景为主线，将信息技术的学习融入到游戏和故事当中，教材安排了与游戏情景相结合的“飞行手册”、“森林日记”等练习与评价相结合的形式对学生的学习过程进行考查。
《小学信息技术》（上海闵行版）分为一、二册，第一册以一个太空探险的活动为主要情境，讲述了人类接收到了一个从太空深处传来的外星人信号，为了弄清外星人是谁，地球宇航中心决定派遣一支小分队前去探索，小分队临危受命，经过艰苦的训练，向信号发生地飞去。故事的情节有多种分支：对于友好的外星人，我们也伸出友谊之手；对于要侵略地球的外星人我们也有积极的对策。最后地球小分队安全回到了宇航中心。
在整个游戏过程中，小学生将通过《飞行手册》学会计算机的基本知识和基本操作，发挥他们的想象力和创造力去设计飞船、计算机、故事情节等，同时整个游戏情景设计了不同的角色让学生扮演，培养学生之间的团结协作能力，引导学生思考故事的现实意义，从而审视自身的生活和学习……
教材第二册以八个趣味盎然的寓言故事为背景，将《上海市中小学信息技术课程指导纲要》要求的“掌握信息技术的基本概念、基本技能，能够正确选择并有效利用信息技术，提高学习、研究、交流的效率，发展思维、学会学习，培养对信息技术和在信息化社会中生活的正确态度、情感、价值观和社会责任感。”融会在教材的一个个生动的故事之中。
初中阶段对小学与高中阶段的学习起着承上启下的作用，着重于培养基本的信息素养，着重于在信息化环境下解决实际问题的实践能力。通过一些探究性的活动，锻炼学生搜集信息、分辨信息的能力，从而扩充了基于学科的学习，引起学生的兴趣，激发他们的学习热情，促成新的学习方法，提高信息素养。技能方面重点学习文字处理、网页制作、多媒体处理及应用等。
初中教材设计了我的祖国、我们的地球、人类共同的语言、我们的明天等四个单元，让学生在项目研究性学习中探索和体验信息技术与社会、生活、学习的关系，在活动中进一步培养学生的学习兴趣，同时熟练地掌握信息技术的基本知识与技能。
根据我们近年开展中学信息技术教育改革的实施经验，一个有创新的信息技术教育体系应该包括三个组成部分：一本体现新的教育理念的教科书、丰富的教学资源和训研一体化的教师培训体系。目前参加信息技术教育创新研究的上海市闵行区在实施新教材的开始，就紧紧抓住全区信息技术教师的培训，集中学习新教材的教学思想和教学方法，并持续开展以片区为单位的教学研究，组织教师集体备课，开展结合教师课堂教学的教育叙事研究，来不断推进新教材的实验。我们希望经过几轮课堂教学的实施以后，不断总结一线教师和学生的教学经验，进一步促进信息技术教育的发展。
上海师范大学与上海市闵行区教育局合作进行中小学信息技术教育创新研究，目前正在进行基于项目的学习、基于游戏的学习和基于故事的学习的课程改革试验，这是一个全新的尝试，欢迎各地的中小学参与探索。
参考文献：
[1]上海市教委，上海市信息技术课程指导纲要，上海：上海教育出版社，2003年版。
[2]上海市闵行区信息技术教材编写组，《小学信息技术（闵行版）》（第一册），上海：上海科技教育出版社，2003年版。
[3]上海市闵行区信息技术教材编写组，《小学信息技术（闵行版）》（第二册），上海：上海科技教育出版社，2004年版。
[4]上海市闵行区教育信息网：http://www.mhedu.sh.cn/cms/index.php
下载本文的PDF文件：
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参考网址：
上海市闵行区信息技术教材编写组，《小学信息技术（闵行版）》（第二册），上海：上海科技教育出版社，2004年版。
教材目录：http://www.jeast.net/ITEdu/archives/000639.html
教材样张： 第一课 井底之蛙看世界http://www.jeast.net/ITEdu/archives/000640.html
中小学信息技术教育创新研究：http://www.jeast.net/ITEdu/
（愿意参加本项试验研究的学校与上海师范大学教育技术系和上海市闵行区教育局信息中心联系，联系的通讯邮件地址：dourj@tom.com）
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